Signal Detection and Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Cytokine Release Syndrome in B-Cell Maturation...

Background/Objectives: B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), have improved clinical outcomes in multiple myeloma. However, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) remains a major safety concern, and comparative real-world evidence across BCMA-directed agents remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate and compare CRS reporting patterns associated with BCMA-targeted CAR-T and BsAb therapies using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data and to identify predictors of CRS reporting using machine learning-based approaches. Methods: A pharmacovigilance analysis was conducted using FAERS reports from 2021 Q1 to 2025 Q3. Disproportionality analyses were performed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and information component (IC), and signals were considered present when predefined thresholds were met. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for CRS reporting while adjusting for demographic and reporting characteristics. Machine learning models, including XGBoost, LightGBM, and random forest were developed to predict CRS reporting. Model interpretability was assessed using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Results: Among 4046 reports included in the final dataset, CAR-T therapies showed higher CRS reporting odds than BsAbs (aOR: 2.55, 95% CI: 2.16-3.01). Disproportionality analyses identified significant CRS signals for CAR-T therapies across all indices, whereas BsAbs did not meet signal detection thresholds. At the agent level, idecabtagene vicleucel was the only agent meeting all predefined signal detection criteria and exhibited the strongest reporting pattern in multivariable analysis (aOR: 6.96, 95% CI: 5.53-8.75). Among the evaluated models, LightGBM achieved the highest predictive test AUROC (0.762). SHAP analysis identified idecabtagene vicleucel, United States region, and reporting year as the most influential predictors of CRS reporting. Conclusions: CAR-T therapies, particularly idecabtagene vicleucel, exhibited higher CRS reporting odds than BsAbs, with substantial agent-level heterogeneity observed across BCMA-directed immunotherapies. Integrating pharmacovigilance and machine learning approaches may facilitate more individualized safety monitoring by identifying agent-specific differences in CRS risk among BCMA-targeted therapies.