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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Bacteriophages of the Human Virome01:23

Bacteriophages of the Human Virome

Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
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Rabies

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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Standard Operating Procedure for Lyssavirus Surveillance of the Bat Population in Taiwan
07:55

Standard Operating Procedure for Lyssavirus Surveillance of the Bat Population in Taiwan

Published on: August 27, 2019

Viral Risks at the Human-Bat Interface: Household Bat Guano Farming in Rural Cambodia.

Theara Teng1, Sarin Neang1, Bruno M Ghersi2

  • 1TetraTech ARD, Phnom Penh Center, Sangkat Tonle Basac, Khan Chamkar Mon, Phnom Penh 12301, Cambodia.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cambodian farmers collect bat guano for income, but artificial roosts pose spillover risks. Coronavirus detection in guano and hygiene issues highlight the need for safe practices to protect communities.

Keywords:
bat roostcoronavirusesguanosurface contaminationviral spillover

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Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology

Published on: August 18, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Zoonotic Disease Research
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Farmers in Cambodia create artificial bat roosts to harvest guano for fertilizer sales.
  • This practice creates potential risks for disease spillover from bats to humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate guano farming practices in Cambodia.
  • To assess associated spillover risks, including coronavirus detection and hygiene practices.

Main Methods:

  • Surveys on guano production and household hygiene.
  • Bat population estimation using various methods (carcasses, visual, audio).
  • RT-qPCR testing of guano, household samples for coronaviruses.

Main Results:

  • Bat roosts were close to households; lesser Asiatic yellow house bats were identified.
  • Coronavirus (Alphacoronaviruses/IBV) detected in 14.6% of guano and 17.3% of urine samples.
  • Hygiene risks included lack of handwashing stations and uncovered food.

Conclusions:

  • Guano farming provides economic benefits to Cambodian farmers.
  • Significant spillover risks exist due to proximity and hygiene factors.
  • Safe guano handling, handwashing, and food protection are crucial for risk mitigation.