Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Murine Intrapulmonary Tracheal Transplantation: A Model for Investigating Obliterative Airway Disease After Lung Transplantation
06:15

Murine Intrapulmonary Tracheal Transplantation: A Model for Investigating Obliterative Airway Disease After Lung Transplantation

Published on: November 10, 2023

Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Post-Infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children: A Focus on Adenovirus and

Ling Zhu1,2, Chenghao Mei1,2, Chenchen Zhang1,2

  • 1Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) in children involves Human adenovirus (HAdV) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) converging on immune signaling but diverging in initial host engagement. Understanding these mechanisms and risk factors is key for PIBO diagnosis and treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Respiratory Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a severe pediatric airway disease following lower respiratory infections.
  • Human adenovirus (HAdV) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) are key pathogens, with varying geographic prevalence.
  • Understanding pathogen-specific immune responses is crucial for PIBO pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analytically compare the mechanistic divergence and convergence between HAdV and MP in PIBO.
  • To propose an integrative model linking acute immune activation to fibrotic bronchiolar narrowing.
  • To evaluate risk factors contributing to PIBO development and geographic distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of HAdV and MP infection mechanisms.
  • Review of signaling pathways including MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK and inflammasome activation.
  • Examination of genetic and epigenetic factors influencing PIBO risk.

Main Results:

  • HAdV and MP converge on MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK signaling and neutrophil inflammation.
  • Divergence observed in initial host cell engagement (CAR/integrins vs. TLR2/6/CARDS toxin) and inflammasome activation (TLR9 vs. NLRP3).
  • Genetic susceptibility and epigenetic regulation contribute to population differences in PIBO risk.

Conclusions:

  • An integrative model is proposed for PIBO development, linking immune activation to airway fibrosis.
  • Significant knowledge gaps persist, including lack of single-cell studies and co-infection models.
  • Further research is essential for improving PIBO early diagnosis and long-term therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords:
childreninflammationpathogenic mechanismspost-infectious bronchiolitis obliteransrisk factor

More Related Videos

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection09:01

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Published on: December 10, 2013

Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...