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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Allosteric Proteins-ATCase01:19

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to  N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway,...
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Cell-Specific Expression and Cellular Compartmental Regulation in Camptothecin Biosynthesis.

Xiaolong Hao1, Yinkai Yang1, Tiantian Chen2

  • 1Zhejiang Provincial TCM Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.

Plant Biotechnology Journal
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Camptothecin (CPT) biosynthesis in Ophiorrhiza pumila is regulated by cell-specific gene expression and compartmentalization. A novel vacuolar transporter, OpAVT1, controls tryptophan transport, influencing CPT accumulation.

Keywords:
Ophiorrhiza pumilaSTR‐TDC gene clusteramino acid vacuolar transportercamptothecinsingle‐cell RNA sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Plant secondary metabolites, like monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), are crucial for plant defense and have therapeutic applications.
  • Camptothecin (CPT), an anticancer MIA, biosynthesis and regulation via cellular compartmentalization in Ophiorrhiza pumila are not well understood.
  • Understanding cell-specific gene expression is key to elucidating complex metabolic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cell-specific expression patterns of CPT biosynthetic genes in O. pumila.
  • To uncover the regulatory mechanisms of CPT biosynthesis, focusing on cellular compartmentalization.
  • To identify novel genes involved in CPT pathway regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of 9181 O. pumila leaf cells.
  • Marker gene annotation and in situ hybridization for cell classification.
  • Gene expression profiling and pseudotime analysis.

Main Results:

  • CPT biosynthetic genes are primarily expressed in epidermal and young O. pumila cells.
  • Expanded O. pumila STR-TDC gene cluster shows cell-specific specialization for key enzymes strictosidine synthase (STR) and tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC).
  • A novel vacuolar transporter gene, OpAVT1, was identified, mediating tryptophan transport and regulating CPT accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • Established a cellular-level framework for CPT biosynthesis and regulation in O. pumila.
  • OpAVT1 plays a critical role in regulating CPT and other MIA accumulation through vacuolar transport.
  • Findings provide insights into the evolution and specialized regulation of plant secondary metabolite pathways.