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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems

Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
In carbon-nitrogen systems, aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo oxidative reactions. Secondary and tertiary amines, like those found in tricyclic antidepressants, can undergo N-dealkylation, a process that involves the oxidation of the alkyl group. In addition, oxidative...

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Heteronuclear Neighboring Co-Mn Single-Atom Pairs as a Synergistic Platform for Oxidative C-H Functionalization.

Wen Jiang¹, Yuxuan Wu¹, Kecan Dou¹

¹Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Adsorption Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|May 27, 2026

Summary

Heteronuclear single-atom catalysts featuring neighboring cobalt-manganese pairs significantly enhance oxidative C-H functionalization. This synergistic approach overcomes limitations of single metal sites in complex chemical transformations.

Keywords:

heteronuclear single‐atom catalysts oxidative C–H functionalization oxidative condensation of benzyl alcohol selective oxidation of acenaphthene synergistic catalysis

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Materials Science
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Isolated single-atom catalysts face limitations in multielectron oxidative transformations.
Heteronuclear single-atom catalysts offer a promising strategy to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and investigate a cobalt-manganese heteronuclear single-atom catalyst (Co1-Mn1/NC) for oxidative C-H functionalization.
To elucidate the synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms of the Co-Mn heteronuclear catalyst.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported atomically dispersed Co and Mn species.
Evaluation of catalytic performance in selective acenaphthene oxidation and benzyl alcohol oxidative condensation.
Atomic-resolution characterization and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

The Co1-Mn1/NC catalyst exhibited superior performance compared to monometallic Co and Mn catalysts.
Achieved 99.9% conversion and 97.7% selectivity for acenaphthene to 1-acenaphthenol.
Demonstrated 63.4% conversion and 94.7% selectivity for benzyl alcohol oxidative condensation.
DFT calculations revealed a cooperative mechanism with a division of labor between Co and Mn sites.

Conclusions:

Heteronuclear neighboring Co-Mn pairs provide a synergistic platform for multifunctional catalysis.
The catalyst design overcomes limitations of isolated metal sites in challenging oxidative reactions.
This work paves the way for designing advanced catalysts for complex chemical synthesis.