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Updated: May 28, 2026

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Published on: March 24, 2020

The Interpupillary Distance Differs Between Ethnicities and Associates with Horizontal Strabismus Patterns: Evidence

Zainab Zehra1,2,3, Molly M Hagen4, Lingchen Wang4

  • 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.

Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

Interpupillary distance varies significantly across global populations and ethnicities. These variations are associated with horizontal strabismus patterns, impacting spectacle and virtual reality display design.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Anthropometry
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • Interpupillary distance (IPD) is crucial for spectacle design and virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays.
  • Extreme IPD may increase susceptibility to horizontal strabismus.
  • Global IPD data across ethnicities remain underexplored and unmapped.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and map global interpupillary distance data.
  • To compare regional IPD distribution with horizontal strabismus patterns.
  • To analyze the association between IPD and strabismus prevalence across ethnicities.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 243 studies reporting interpupillary distance.
  • Geographical mapping of compiled IPD data.
Keywords:
esotropiaexotropiageographymappingprevalencevirtual reality

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Published on: March 24, 2020

  • Meta-regression analysis of IPD and esotropia/exotropia ratios from 301 population-based studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant variations in mean interpupillary distance observed across diverse ethnicities and geographical regions.
    • Larger IPD found in Western Africa, South India, East Asia, and among Latinos/Hispanics, Native Americans, and African Americans.
    • Smaller IPD noted in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Northwestern India, and Inuit populations.
    • Regression analyses revealed a significant association between IPD and the esotropia/exotropia ratio (R²=0.322 to 0.409).

    Conclusions:

    • Mean interpupillary distance exhibits significant ethnic and geographic variability.
    • Orbital anatomical differences contribute to diverse horizontal strabismus patterns.
    • Findings can inform spectacle design, VR display optimization, and understanding strabismus pathogenesis.