Application of neuromodulation techniques in irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gut-brain interaction disorder characterized by abdominal pain/abdominal discomfort accompanied by changes in bowel motility. Its pathogenesis involves the interaction of multiple factors, including abnormalities of the brain-gut axis, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, and visceral hypersensitivity. Traditional treatment strategies mainly focus on symptomatic relief, which have limitations such as insufficient targeting and significant side effects. Neuromodulation techniques, as an emerging treatment modality, modulate the central or peripheral nervous system through electrical and electromagnetic means, targeting key pathways of the brain-gut axis. These techniques can regulate gut motility and suppress inflammatory responses, thereby alleviating IBS symptoms. Currently, several techniques are widely applied, including electroacupuncture (EA), Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS), transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Multiple clinical trials have confirmed their effectiveness in relieving abdominal pain, improving bowel dysfunction, and enhancing quality of life. However, there are still issues such as significant individual differences and insufficient long-term efficacy data. Future research should focus on the development of personalized treatment plans, exploration of combination therapy strategies, and technological innovation to further enhance their clinical value.