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Related Concept Videos

Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow glass...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Formation of Thick Dense Yttrium Iron Garnet Films Using Aerosol Deposition
10:52

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Mineralization/Nano-deposition Boosts Adhesive Infiltration via Dehydration.

Q Zhong1, C Shu1, M Pan1

  • 1Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical, Hangzhou, China.

Journal of Dental Research
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that both preadhesion mineralization and in situ nano-deposition enhance dentin bonding durability by dehydrating the interface, improving adhesive infiltration. This unified mechanism challenges previous divergent explanations for improved bonding.

Keywords:
calcium fluoridecollagendemineralized dentin matrixdental bondingmatrix metalloproteinaseswater

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Materials
  • Nanotechnology in Dentistry

Background:

  • Current paradigms for improving dentin bonding durability, preadhesion mineralization and in situ nano-deposition, are explained by separate mechanisms: collagen strengthening/protease fossilization and interface water release, respectively.
  • This study proposes a unified mechanism, hypothesizing that preadhesion mineralization also functions as a dehydration strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of dehydration in preadhesion mineralization and in situ nano-deposition for enhancing dentin bonding durability.
  • To challenge the existing dichotomy in understanding dentin bonding improvement mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Formulated two bonding strategies: polyacrylic acid-stabilized amorphous calcium fluoride (PAA-ACF) preadhesion mineralization and in situ ACF nano-deposition.
  • Utilized cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), zymography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Nile red tracing, and micro-Raman spectroscopy.
  • Assessed collagen binding, intrafibrillar mineralization, surface roughness, elastic modulus, gelatinase activity, water release, proteolytic activity, and adhesive infiltration after 30,000 thermal cycles.

Main Results:

  • ACF nanoparticles bound to collagen within seconds; PAA-ACF mineralization on etched dentin occurred within 30 minutes to 3 hours.
  • The 3-h PAA-ACF mineralization group exhibited increased surface roughness and elastic modulus, with significantly lower gelatinase activity compared to phosphoric acid (PA) and 30-s ACF deposition groups.
  • Both strategies effectively released interface-confined water, leading to low proteolytic activity and comparable micro-tensile bond strength after thermal cycling, exceeding conventional PA wet-bonding.
  • Bonding strength correlated with the extent of dehydration, facilitating hydrophobic adhesive monomer infiltration, rather than mechanical properties or protease activity.

Conclusions:

  • Both nano-deposition and preadhesion mineralization enhance dentin bonding by releasing interface-confined water, promoting adhesive infiltration and forming a defect-low hybrid layer.
  • This study unifies the understanding of dentin bond durability improvement under a common dehydration-based mechanism.
  • The findings suggest that dehydration is a critical factor in improving the longevity of dental adhesives.