Fully Biobased, Robust, and High-Conductivity Hydrogel for High-Fidelity Electrophysiological Monitoring and Deep...

Developing sustainable bioelectronics that simultaneously integrate mechanical robustness, high conductivity, biocompatibility, and system-level functionality remains a fundamental challenge. Here, we report a Hofmeister-engineered, fully biobased hydrogel platform (GT₂C₂₀) that addresses these limitations through a synergistic dual physical cross-linking network. By combining citrate-induced chain compaction and continuous ionic transport pathways, this hydrogel achieves high tensile strength (0.73 MPa), large extensibility (272.5%), and high electrical conductivity (1.8 S m^-1), overcoming intrinsic trade-offs in conventional gelatin-based systems. Building on these properties, GT₂C₂₀ enables an integrated multifunctional bioelectronic system. As a skin-conformal bioelectrode, it provides high-fidelity acquisition of electrophysiological signals (ECG, EEG, and EMG), achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio (24.3 dB for ECG) compared to commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes. When integrated with deep learning algorithms, the platform enables autonomous assessment of Brunnstrom stages for stroke rehabilitation with an accuracy of 97.31%, while a wireless telemedicine system supports remote diagnosis and personalized healthcare management. In parallel, the hydrogel functions as a highly stable strain sensor for real-time motion monitoring and precise gesture recognition, enabling intuitive control of prosthetic devices. Additionally, the hydrogel acts as a triboelectric nanogenerator electrode, yielding an open-circuit voltage of 72.1 V to power its own functions, while a microcontroller system supports wireless telemedicine and remote rehabilitation monitoring. This work presents an eco-friendly strategy for fabricating high-performance, biobased flexible electronics suited for health monitoring, telemedicine, and soft robotics.