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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
11:25

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Published on: November 10, 2014

MgCl2-Derived Li-Mg/LiCl Dual-Phase Interphase for Stable Li Metal Cycling.

Oh-Hyun Kwon1, Hyunsuk Noh1, Sanghyeok Bae1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel Li-Mg/LiCl@Li interface to stabilize lithium metal batteries. This new surface modification enhances lithium plating and stripping stability, improving battery performance and longevity.

Keywords:
Li metal anodeLi-halide, interlayerartificial SEIprotective layersurface modification

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A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
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A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
09:45

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

Published on: November 12, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium metal anodes offer high energy density but suffer from unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and dendrite growth due to high reactivity.
  • Lithium chloride (LiCl) surface modification stabilizes the interface but exhibits low Li+ conductivity, hindering ion transport under high current densities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the limitations of LiCl surface modification for lithium metal anodes.
  • To develop a stable and efficient interface for high-performance lithium metal batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Employed an MgCl2-based thermal conversion reaction to create a mixed Li-Mg alloy and LiCl interfacial structure (Li-Mg/LiCl@Li).
  • Investigated the electrochemical performance of Li-Mg/LiCl@Li in Li symmetric cells and full cells with a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode.
  • Utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to analyze the interfacial structure and suppress electrolyte side reactions.

Main Results:

  • The Li-Mg/LiCl@Li interface combines the stability of LiCl with the high Li+ diffusivity and lithiophilicity of the Li-Mg alloy.
  • Li symmetric cells demonstrated stable Li plating/stripping for over 1000 h at 1 mA cm-2/1 mAh cm-2 with a low overpotential of ~28 mV.
  • Full cells exhibited enhanced cycle-life stability and excellent rate performance, with suppressed electrolyte side reactions compared to LiCl-only electrodes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Li-Mg/LiCl@Li interface effectively mitigates dendrite growth and improves the electrochemical stability of lithium metal anodes.
  • This strategy offers a promising approach for achieving high-performance and long-lasting lithium metal batteries.