Impact of advanced therapy initiation on antibiotic dependence in chronic pouchitis

A quarter of patients with ulcerative colitis who undergo total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis experience chronic pouchitis. While advanced therapies (ATs) are effective in some patients, their impact on antibiotic dependence is unclear.

In a multicenter, retrospective study, we identified adults with chronic pouchitis during treatment with AT. Those with complete pre-AT antibiotic data formed the "incident AT user" cohort. Those with only post-AT data formed the "prevalent AT user" cohort. Antibiotic prescription was modeled as percentage of time, calculated as the number of weeks of antibiotic prescription during the weeks of observed time. The pooled prevalence of antibiotic use during AT was calculated in a systematic review and meta-analysis,.

Of the 67 incident AT users, 24 (36%) initiated treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist, 17 (25%) with anti-integrin, 23 (34%), with interleukin (IL) inhibitors (anti-IL), and 3 (5%) with Janus kinase inhibitors. The mean time on antibiotics was unchanged from 38% to 33% after AT initiation, and 61% of patients (n = 44) had a reduction in antibiotic use. Compared to the patients without reduction, the reduction group had a higher proportion of patients on anti-IL (46% vs 15%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 11.1; 95% CI, 2.12-57.62). There were no differences in disease-related parameters. Seventy-nine percent (22/28) of prevalent AT users required antibiotics. On meta-analysis, pooled prevalence of antibiotic use was 0.46 (95% CI, 0.35-0.57).

Just over half of patients on AT for chronic pouchitis saw reduced antibiotic use; however, further studies are needed to identify impact of AT on antibiotic use and define which patients benefit from immune-mediated vs microbiome-directed therapy.