Rare Case of Delayed Bleeding Occurring 8 Years After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Angioembolization: A Case Report and Current Literature Review

Background and Clinical Significance: Over recent decades, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has emerged as a primary treatment, firmly establishing itself as the cornerstone approach for managing large kidney stones. Postoperative bleeding commonly stems from an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), a connection between a damaged artery with high flow and a damaged vein with low flow, or from a pseudoaneurysm (PA), which involves arterial blood leaking into the tissue, causing a localized hematoma. The preferred technique for addressing such vascular complications is selective trans-arterial angioembolization, widely regarded as the gold standard. Case Presentation: In this article, we present the case of a 42-year-old woman who experienced delayed bleeding eight years after PCNL and a previous angioembolization. The patient presented with macroscopic hematuria, and further investigations, including cystoscopy, contrast-enhanced abdominal-pelvic CT, and angiography, were performed. To stop the bleeding, we identified and performed selective angioembolization (SAE) of a small arterial branch arising from an inferior branch of the right renal artery. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the initial documented instance of delayed bleeding manifesting eight years post-PCNL and angioembolization. This occurrence is exceptionally rare, given that the patient exhibited no urological signs or symptoms over the intervening years, and no predictive or risk factors were identified.