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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective response...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

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Attentional Cueing Modifies the Observed Association Between Post-Set Lactate and Velocity Loss During Smith Machine

Fernando Martin-Rivera1,2, Darío Rodrigo-Mallorca1, Alvaro Juesas2,3

  • 1Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Attentional focus cues did not change overall velocity loss (VL) in velocity-based training (VBT). However, focus influenced lactate kinetics and the relationship between lactate and VL%, impacting internal load interpretation.

Keywords:
barbell speedcapillary blood samplingexternal focusinternal focusmechanical fatigue

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Velocity loss (VL) is a key metric for assessing fatigue in velocity-based training (VBT).
  • Attentional focus may influence velocity profiles and their connection to internal training load.
  • The impact of internal versus external focus on fatigue markers needs further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if attentional focus (internal, external, or control) alters repetition-level velocity, lactate kinetics, and the coupling between lactate and VL% during bench press.
  • To examine the influence of different attentional cues on physiological and biomechanical responses to resistance exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-six trained men were randomized into internal focus, external focus, or control groups.
  • Participants completed bench press protocols at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) including sets to failure and conventional 3x10 repetitions.
  • Concentric velocity was measured using a linear position transducer; lactate levels and rating of perceived exertion were also analyzed.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were found in repetitions to failure or terminal velocity between groups.
  • Velocity decreased across sets and repetitions, with group-dependent fatigue patterns observed.
  • Lactate increased over time, and the relationship between post-set lactate and VL% was significantly moderated by attentional focus group.

Conclusions:

  • Attentional cueing did not consistently alter averaged VL% outcomes but did affect early lactate kinetics and the lactate-VL% coupling.
  • External focus was associated with a higher rating of perceived exertion compared to control and internal focus groups.
  • Standardization of attentional cueing scripts is recommended for VBT studies interpreting VL with internal load markers.