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Decision-Making Under Uncertainty in AI-Enabled Warfare: Implications for Education and Training
1Department of Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
Military Medicine
|May 27, 2026
Summary
Artificial intelligence (AI) in military medicine aids decision-making but also introduces new uncertainties. Training must address AI interpretation and trust to ensure readiness in complex operational environments.
Area of Science:
- Military Medicine
- Artificial Intelligence
- Decision Science
Background:
- Military operations increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI) for decision dominance.
- AI's role in military medical decision-making is less defined than in command and control, posing a preparedness gap.
- Military medical decisions are high-stakes, time-sensitive, and often made with incomplete information.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the dual role of AI in supporting and complicating military medical decision-making.
- To analyze how AI redistributes uncertainty in clinical-operational, algorithmic, and relational domains.
- To highlight implications for military medical education and readiness.
Main Methods:
- Dialectical perspective analysis of AI's impact on military medical decision-making.
- Examination of AI's potential benefits (efficiency, reduced cognitive load) and risks (complexity, trust calibration).
- Identification of uncertainty redistribution across three key domains.
Main Results:
- AI can both support and complicate military medical decisions.
- Uncertainty is not eliminated but redistributed across clinical-operational, algorithmic, and relational domains.
- Risks include miscalibrated reliance, cognitive strain, limited transparency, and ambiguous accountability.
Conclusions:
- Military medical education must prepare clinicians to interpret AI, integrate data, and maintain judgment.
- Readiness depends on aligning technology, training, doctrine, and system design.
- Addressing AI's complexities is crucial for effective military medical decision-making in future operations.
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