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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement01:16

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement

Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison01:14

Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison

The acceptance criteria for dissolution profile data are anchored in Q values, representing the percentage of drug dissolved within a specified period. This assessment unfolds in three stages:First Stage: The test passes if all six drug dosage units are equal to or greater than Q plus 5%; otherwise, the sample proceeds to the second stage.Second Stage: The average of twelve units must be equal to or greater than Q, with no unit falling below Q - 15% to pass; if not, it progresses to the final...
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...

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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
06:15

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

Deep eutectic solvents in pharmaceutical applications: A review.

Li Zechen1

  • 11The National University of Malaysia, Malaysia Lingkungan Ilmu, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia.

Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) show promise in pharmaceuticals for drug solubility, extraction, and delivery. These solvents offer efficiency and biocompatibility but require further research for optimization and regulatory approval.

Keywords:
deep eutectic solventsdrug deliverydrug synthesishydrogen bond interactionplant extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are gaining traction in pharmaceutical research.
  • They are composed of hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs).
  • DESs offer advantages like low toxicity, biodegradability, and excellent solvency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the pharmaceutical applications of DESs.
  • Emphasis on enhanced drug solubility and bioavailability.
  • Evaluation of DESs in drug synthesis, extraction, and delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of DES applications in pharmaceuticals.
  • Comparative analysis of DESs versus conventional solvents.
  • Assessment of DES performance in extraction, synthesis, and delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • DESs improve bioactive compound recovery in plant extraction compared to traditional solvents.
  • Certain DESs act as both reaction media and catalysts in drug synthesis, boosting efficiency and selectivity.
  • DESs enhance transdermal and oral drug absorption by interacting with biological membranes.

Conclusions:

  • DESs present a viable alternative to conventional organic solvents in various pharmaceutical applications.
  • Challenges include high viscosity, formulation complexity, and regulatory hurdles.
  • Future research should address optimization, safety, and scalability for wider adoption.