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Related Concept Videos

Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...

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Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry
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"Soft-Tissue Response to Hard Tissue Changes Following Facial Feminization Surgery: A Three-Dimensional Region-Based

Samira Glaeser-Khan1, Albert Rancu, Paula Flores Perez

  • 1. Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial feminization surgery outcomes vary by facial region. Soft tissue changes in response to bone modifications are region-specific, impacting surgical planning for aesthetic results.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Aesthetic Surgery
  • Facial Anatomy

Background:

  • Facial feminization surgery (FFS) involves significant bony modifications.
  • Accurately predicting millimeter-level bony changes for desired aesthetic outcomes is challenging.
  • This study is the first to compare bone and soft tissue changes in FFS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the relationship between bony modifications and soft tissue changes after FFS.
  • To quantify the soft tissue response to bony alterations across different facial regions.
  • To identify factors influencing the soft tissue response in FFS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized pre- and post-operative CT scans and 3D photographs (N=70).
  • Calculated bony and soft tissue parameters using cephalometric and anthropometric landmarks.
  • Computed correlations and soft tissue-to-bony change ratios, assessing BMI, age, hormone therapy duration, and soft tissue thickness as predictors.

Main Results:

  • Significant correlations found between soft tissue and bony changes across all measures.
  • Soft tissue reduction exceeded bony reduction in the gonial region (ratio 1.85).
  • Response ratios varied by region, near 1:1 for forehead projection and lower for chin and bossing angle.

Conclusions:

  • The soft tissue response to bony changes in FFS is highly region-specific and variable.
  • Understanding these regional patterns is crucial for improving surgical planning precision.
  • Soft tissue thickness influences regional response, but BMI, age, and hormone therapy duration do not predict response within regions.