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Related Concept Videos

Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies
08:56

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies

Published on: October 7, 2021

Diphtheritic polyneuropathy: Not so uncommon.

Paul Ehiabhi Ikhurionan1, Sunday Adanas1, Osahon Osaghae1

  • 1Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria.

Tropical Doctor
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Diphtheritic polyneuropathy (DP) is a serious complication of diphtheria, even in vaccinated children. This study highlights DP

Keywords:
Diphtheriapolyneuropathyvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Diphtheria is a severe infection with potentially fatal complications like respiratory obstruction and myocarditis.
  • Diphtheritic polyneuropathy (DP), a less common complication, involves cranial and/or limb nerve damage within six weeks of diphtheria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report four cases of diphtheritic polyneuropathy (DP) during a diphtheria outbreak.
  • To review the literature on DP and its management.
  • To assess the occurrence of DP in vaccinated children and its implications for vaccination strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Case series reporting four patients with DP.
  • Literature review on diphtheritic polyneuropathy.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation, cranial nerve involvement (VII, IX, X most common), and vaccination status.

Main Results:

  • Four cases of DP were identified in an outbreak of 19 diphtheria cases.
  • All affected children had completed infant vaccinations.
  • Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X were most frequently involved.
  • Treatment included diphtheria antitoxin, prednisolone, and physiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Diphtheritic polyneuropathy (DP) may be more common than previously thought.
  • The occurrence of DP in vaccinated children necessitates a review of current diphtheria vaccination programs and schedules.