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Updated: May 29, 2026

An Easy and Flexible Inoculation Method for Accurately Assessing Powdery Mildew-Infection Phenotypes of Arabidopsis and Other Plants
06:09

An Easy and Flexible Inoculation Method for Accurately Assessing Powdery Mildew-Infection Phenotypes of Arabidopsis and Other Plants

Published on: March 9, 2021

Endogenous RALF peptide function is required for powdery mildew host colonization.

Henriette Leicher1, Sebastian D Schade1, Jan W Huebbers2

  • 1Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354, Freising, Germany.

The New Phytologist
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Powdery mildew fungi exploit plant cell wall components and pH regulation, mediated by RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides, to infect Arabidopsis. This study reveals a novel susceptibility mechanism involving plant-specific RALFs for successful fungal colonization.

Keywords:
RALF peptidesapoplastic pH homeostasiscell wallpowdery mildewreceptor kinasessusceptibility factor

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Live-cell Imaging of Fungal Cells to Investigate Modes of Entry and Subcellular Localization of Antifungal Plant Defensins

Published on: December 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Plant-pathogen interactions
  • Molecular plant pathology
  • Plant immunity and susceptibility

Background:

  • The receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) is known as a susceptibility factor for powdery mildew in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • FER perceives endogenous RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides, influencing plant growth, development, and immunity.
  • RALFs interact with FER/LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN (LLG) complexes or LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT EXTENSIN (LRX) proteins, affecting cellular responses and cell wall structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which FER and RALF peptides contribute to powdery mildew susceptibility in Arabidopsis.
  • To investigate the roles of LLGs and LRXs in the interaction between Arabidopsis and powdery mildew fungi.
  • To understand how RALF-mediated processes like cell wall remodeling and apoplastic pH homeostasis impact fungal colonization.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants and wild-type plants.
  • Cell biological techniques to visualize cellular processes.
  • Biochemical assays to study protein interactions and peptide functions.

Main Results:

  • Endogenous RALF ligands perceived by FER are essential for the successful colonization of Arabidopsis by Erysiphe cruciferarum.
  • LLGs and LRXs also function as susceptibility factors for powdery mildew.
  • RALF-mediated cell wall remodeling and apoplastic pH homeostasis promote fungal reproductive success, with RALF-dependent pathogenesis being partially independent of FER.

Conclusions:

  • Powdery mildew fungi likely rely on endogenous plant RALFs, rather than producing mimics, for successful host colonization.
  • RALF-mediated modulation of apoplastic pH and pectin remodeling represents a novel susceptibility mechanism exploited by obligate biotrophic fungi.
  • This study highlights a new avenue for understanding plant susceptibility to fungal pathogens.