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Related Concept Videos

Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
Random Error01:04

Random Error

Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Gene-targeted Random Mutagenesis to Select Heterochromatin-destabilizing Proteasome Mutants in Fission Yeast
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Experimental randomness amplification.

Anatoly Kulikov1,2, Simon Storz3,4, Josua D Schär3,4

  • 1Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. akulikov@phys.ethz.ch.

Nature
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates quantum randomness amplification, a protocol that enhances flawed random bits from imperfect quantum devices. This quantum technology achieves a task impossible for classical computers, proving a definitive quantum advantage.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Computing
  • Quantum Cryptography

Background:

  • Quantum information processing devices produce imperfect random bits essential for applications like cryptographic key generation.
  • Flawed randomness requires enhancement through protocols like randomness amplification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally implement a device-independent randomness amplification protocol.
  • To demonstrate a definitive quantum advantage in randomness enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Executed a loophole-free Bell test within a specific parameter regime (high Bell violation and high repetition rate).
  • Utilized superconducting circuits for experimental demonstration.
  • Leveraged theoretical advances for an experimentally realistic parameter regime.

Main Results:

  • Successfully implemented randomness amplification using quantum devices.
  • Achieved a high Bell violation and high repetition rate in the experiment.
  • Demonstrated a task unattainable by purely classical means.

Conclusions:

  • Randomness amplification is a quantum protocol that cannot be replicated classically.
  • This experiment showcases a practical quantum advantage in enhancing randomness quality.
  • The findings pave the way for secure cryptographic applications leveraging quantum technology.