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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers01:28

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymers are classified as elastomers, fibers, or plastics based on their crystallinity. Crystallinity, the degree of long-range order in the solid state, influences the mechanical properties (stretching or contracting) of elastomers. Elastomers are flexible polymers that can expand or contract easily upon the application of an external force. They have numerous crosslinks that pull them back into their original shape when stress is removed. Silicones, for instance, are highly elastic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application
11:49

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

Published on: March 8, 2019

One-dimensional inorganic ionic polymerization for elastic minerals.

Yongjin Du1, Zeyu Gong1, Ruoyan He1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.

Nature Communications
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel 1D inorganic ionic polymerization tactic to create elastic minerals. This innovation overcomes mineral brittleness, yielding materials with high strength and elastic recovery for advanced applications.

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

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Published on: March 8, 2019

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Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators
12:04

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Published on: May 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Mineralogy

Background:

  • Inorganic ionic minerals exhibit inherent brittleness due to atomic close-packing, limiting their use as elastic materials.
  • Elastomers and tough minerals inspire new strategies for creating flexible inorganic materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a one-dimensional (1D) inorganic ionic polymerization tactic for producing elastic minerals.
  • To overcome the brittleness limitations of traditional inorganic minerals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains to guide the 1D polymerization of calcium silicate oligomers (CSO).
  • Hierarchically assembled PVA/CSO ionic-molecular chains into nanofibers and bundles, forming a crosslinked flexible network.
  • Characterized the mechanical properties, including hardness, Young's modulus, and specific strength, and tested elastic recovery over 5000 cycles.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized a flexible PVA/CSO bulk material exhibiting high hardness (~0.78 GPa) and Young's modulus (~20.63 GPa).
  • Achieved high specific strength (~74.53 MPa g⁻¹ cm³) and excellent elastic recovery after 5000 cycles at 10% strain.
  • Demonstrated the potential for creating smart elastic minerals functioning as real-time warning sensors.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed 1D inorganic ionic polymerization tactic effectively transforms brittle inorganic minerals into elastic materials.
  • This approach bridges the gap between minerals and elastomers, enabling the production of high-performance elastic minerals.
  • The developed elastic minerals show promise for applications requiring both mechanical robustness and flexibility, including sensing.