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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
The primary lymphoid organs, including the bone marrow and the thymus, serve as the maturation sites for lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs, like the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, activate these lymphocytes and serve as...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

Published on: December 16, 2013

The formation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures.

Chengzhang Zhang^1,2, Peng Lv³, Yaxin Hou^1,2

¹Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.

Biomarker Research

|May 28, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are immune aggregates found in tissues during disease. This review covers their formation, roles in cancer and autoimmune diseases, research methods, and therapeutic potential.

Keywords:

Autoimmunity Chronic inflammation Gene expression signatures Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)Metabolic reprogramming Microbiota TLS induction strategies Tertiary lymphoid structures Tumor immunity

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Last Updated: May 29, 2026

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

Generation of Lymph Node-fat Pad Chimeras for the Study of Lymph Node Stromal Cell Origin

Published on: December 16, 2013

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Pathology
Oncology

Background:

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are immune cell aggregates in nonlymphoid tissues.
They mimic secondary lymphoid organs and mature through distinct stages.
TLS formation is influenced by chemokines, lymphotoxin signaling, stromal cells, metabolism, and the microbiome.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review the biology, roles, and research methodologies of TLSs.
To explore the dual role of TLSs in promoting antitumor immunity and driving autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
To highlight strategies for manipulating TLSs for therapeutic benefit.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on TLS biology, pathology, and therapeutic strategies.
Analysis of conventional and advanced research techniques for TLS characterization.
Summary of gene expression signatures for TLS identification.

Main Results:

TLSs are prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response in solid tumors.
TLSs contribute to tissue damage and disease progression in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Multiple methods exist for TLS identification, quantification, and artificial induction.

Conclusions:

TLSs are critical players in diverse human diseases, acting as both beneficial and detrimental factors.
Understanding TLS biology offers potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Targeting TLS formation and function holds promise for enhancing cancer immunotherapy and managing immune-mediated diseases.