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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Imaging Method
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Published on: October 27, 2020

AstroOphthalmology: Basic and Pathophysiological Concepts of Space-Induced Ocular Changes.

Kasra Cheraqpour1, Mansoor Shahriari2, Mahya Ghazi3,4

  • 1Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Eye and Brain
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spaceflight poses significant eye health risks due to microgravity and cosmic radiation. These stressors cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to visual impairment and spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS).

Keywords:
eyemicrogravityophthalmologyradiationspacespaceflight

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Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Imaging Method
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Published on: February 15, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Space Medicine
  • Aerospace Medicine

Background:

  • Long-duration space missions present significant risks to astronaut eye health.
  • Visual dysfunction is a primary health concern for astronauts.
  • This review integrates current insights into the pathophysiological consequences of the space environment on the eye.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of space on the eye, focusing on pathophysiology.
  • To identify key space-specific stressors and their impact on ocular tissues.
  • To summarize current in-flight evaluations and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on spaceflight and ocular health.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms induced by microgravity and cosmic radiation.
  • Summary of current in-flight ocular evaluation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity causes fluid shifts, leading to vascular congestion, altered hemodynamics, and increased intracranial pressure, contributing to spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS).
  • Cosmic radiation increases the risk of cataracts, retinal cotton-wool spots, and optic neuropathy.
  • Ocular damage is a result of synergistic interactions between fluid shifts and radiation, impacting cellular components and ocular tissue function.

Conclusions:

  • Spaceflight-induced ocular damage is multifactorial, involving microgravity and cosmic radiation.
  • Current in-flight evaluations include optical coherence tomography and fundoscopy.
  • Future research must prioritize combined countermeasures and predictive biomarkers for lunar and Martian missions.