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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
06:52

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Published on: September 17, 2019

Measuring reading and language skill in generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study.

Hayley Susan Mountford1, Archie Campbell2, Riccardo Marioni2

  • 1School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh College of Humanities and Social Science, Edinburgh, UK.

BMJ Public Health
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Reading and spelling skills remain stable throughout adulthood. This study introduces new data on adult reading, spelling, and language skills, enhancing genetic discovery potential in older populations.

Keywords:
CommunicationEducationEpidemiologyMental HealthMolecular Epidemiology

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Language and literacy skills are crucial for child development and lifelong well-being.
  • Most genetic studies on reading and language skills exclude older adults, limiting discovery.
  • Reading-related traits are believed to be stable across the adult lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce new reading, spelling, and oral-language measures in the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS).
  • To investigate the stability of reading-related traits across the adult lifespan.
  • To increase statistical power for gene discovery by including older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative phenotypic data on reading, spelling, and language skills were collected from GS:SFHS participants.
  • Participants reported on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions and book reading frequency.
  • Multiple regression analyses examined associations between reading measures and age.

Main Results:

  • Reading and spelling performance remained stable in adults aged 29.5-76.9 years (N=1595).
  • Phonological verbal memory, auditory short-term memory, and working memory showed age-related declines.
  • The data provide a novel resource for studying adult reading and language skills.

Conclusions:

  • Adult reading and spelling skills are stable, supporting their inclusion in genetic studies.
  • The GS:SFHS dataset offers a valuable resource for replication, meta-analyses, and genetic discovery in reading and language.
  • Including older adults in genetic association studies can enhance statistical power and broaden findings.