Research Progress of Ferrosoferric Oxide Nanoparticles in Bone Regeneration and Disease Treatment

Ferrosoferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs), with unique magnetic properties and biocompatibility, have shown great promise for application in the treatment of bone regeneration and diseases in recent years. Bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, bone defects and bone tumors, seriously affect the health and quality of life of millions of people around the world, and existing treatments have many limitations, such as low bioavailability, significant side effects, and lack of precision in drug delivery. Fe₃O₄NPs could realize precise magnetic targeting therapy through an external magnetic field to efficiently deliver drugs or growth factors to the focal area, and at the same time, with the aid of the magnetic heating effect, could regulate osteoclasts and osteoblasts. At the same time, Fe₃O₄NPs could regulate the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, restore the homeostasis of bone metabolism and accelerate bone healing. In addition, as a scaffold material, it could also provide support for bone tissue regeneration, achieving a synergistic treatment for bone defect repair and regeneration. In this paper, we systematically review the synthesis, characterization, clinical application and biosafety of Fe₃O₄NPs, focusing on the potential of Fe₃O₄NPs in the treatment of osteoporosis, bone defect repair, and bone tumors, and looking forward to the development direction of Fe₃O₄NPs in precision medicine and personalized treatment, and presenting the current challenges and future research priorities.