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Related Concept Videos

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

Lithium-Germanium Alloy Interfaces for Efficient Low-Pressure Ammonia Synthesis.

Weijian Yang1,2, Pengju Li2, Kaining Duanmu1

  • 1School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces novel copper electrodes modified with triethylammonium germanate for lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction, achieving high ammonia synthesis efficiency. This electrode engineering strategy offers a sustainable alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.

Keywords:
adsorption energyelectrochemical cyclinglithium alloylithium‐mediatednitrogen reduction reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • The Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis is energy-intensive.
  • Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) offers a sustainable alternative.
  • Previous NRR studies focused on solution-phase optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel electrode engineering strategy for efficient electrochemical nitrogen fixation.
  • To investigate the performance of triethylammonium germanate-modified copper (Cu/TEG) electrodes for lithium-mediated NRR.
  • To understand the role of interfacial engineering in enhancing NRR.

Main Methods:

  • Electrode fabrication using triethylammonium germanate-modified copper.
  • Multi-technique material characterization.
  • Electrochemical measurements and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

  • Formation of a Li15Ge4 alloy on the electrode surface during Li-NRR.
  • The Li15Ge4 alloy facilitates lithium deposition and enhances N2 adsorption.
  • Achieved a Faradaic efficiency of 92.5% at 4 bar N2 pressure.
  • Reached a pseudo-energy efficiency of 17.6%, the highest reported for a batch cell.

Conclusions:

  • Dual-function interfacial engineering via lithium-germanium alloy formation is a breakthrough strategy for NRR.
  • This approach moves beyond solution-phase optimization for efficient electrochemical nitrogen fixation.
  • The developed Cu/TEG electrodes represent a significant advancement in sustainable ammonia synthesis.