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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

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Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
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Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
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Published on: February 19, 2021

Heightened respiratory brain pulsations indicate fluid dynamic dysfunction in early multiple sclerosis.

Jere Haverinen1,2, Mervi Ryytty2,3,4, Harri Rusanen2,3,4

  • 1Oulu Functional Neuroimaging, (OFNI), Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients exhibit heightened respiratory pulsation power in brain fluid spaces, linked to increased disability and lesion load. This suggests altered fluid dynamics may contribute to MS progression.

Keywords:
Brain pulsationsCSF dynamicsMREGblood flowrespiration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves perivascular inflammation and demyelination.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics are influenced by physiological pulsations.
  • Altered cerebral blood flow is an early indicator of MS lesion development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alterations in physiological brain pulsations in recently diagnosed MS patients.
  • To compare CSF and brain fluid dynamics between MS patients and healthy controls.
  • To explore the relationship between pulsation alterations, neurological disability, and MS lesion burden.

Main Methods:

  • Fast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 10 Hz was employed.
  • Whole-brain statistical maps were generated for analysis.
  • 25 recently diagnosed MS patients (untreated) and 25 healthy controls were studied.

Main Results:

  • Significantly higher respiratory pulsation power (PP_Resp) was observed in CSF spaces and brain regions of MS patients.
  • No significant differences were found in arterial cardiovascular pulsations or vasomotor waves between groups.
  • Increased PP_Resp correlated with greater sensorimotor and thalamic neurological disability and higher MS lesion burden.

Conclusions:

  • Altered perivenous CSF and intravenous flow dynamics are indicated in MS.
  • Heightened respiratory pulsation may be a key feature of MS pathophysiology.
  • These findings suggest potential therapeutic targets for managing MS progression.