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Related Concept Videos

Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
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Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs
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Ruminants Epidemiology, Spatial Clustering and Multivariate Risk Modelling of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in District

Murad Ali Khan1, Jawad Ali1, Zohaib Ali1

  • 1College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Veterinary Medicine and Science
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Pakistan disproportionately affects young males in summer, with lesions on exposed areas. Targeted interventions and vector control are crucial for reducing CL burden.

Keywords:
Pakistancutaneous leishmaniasisepidemiologyrisk factorsspatial analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Medical Geography

Background:

  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health issue in Pakistan's resource-limited, ecologically diverse regions.
  • Understanding CL epidemiology in District Bajaur is critical for effective control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, lesion characteristics, seasonal trends, and spatial distribution of CL in District Bajaur, Pakistan.
  • To identify key determinants influencing CL transmission and prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional observational study conducted in 2022 across all nine tehsils of District Bajaur.
  • Data collection included demographic, clinical, and spatial information via questionnaires and GIS-based risk mapping.
  • Statistical analyses involved logistic, multinomial, and Poisson regression, alongside spatial clustering evaluation.

Main Results:

  • CL prevalence was higher in males, younger individuals, and during summer, with lesions on exposed body parts.
  • Independent risk factors included male gender, younger age, unmarried status, summer season, dry lesions, and single lesions.
  • Significant spatial clustering was observed in Khar, Loe Mamund, and Salarzai tehsils, with a risk scoring system developed.

Conclusions:

  • CL in District Bajaur is shaped by complex demographic, clinical, seasonal, and spatial interactions.
  • Findings highlight the need for targeted surveillance, vector control, and risk-based interventions.
  • Effective strategies are essential to mitigate the disease burden in endemic areas.