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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Pericarditis III: Medical Management01:17

Pericarditis III: Medical Management

The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

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Updated: May 29, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
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Erythromelalgia: Pathophysiology and Clinical Treatment Options, a Narrative Review.

Riley K Noble1, Mary O'Dell Duplechin1, Ahmed I Anwar1

  • 1School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Erythromelalgia (EM) is a rare neurovascular disorder causing burning pain and warmth. This review synthesizes current knowledge on EM, highlighting diagnostic challenges and individualized treatment approaches.

Keywords:
ErythromelalgiaMicrovasculatureNeurovascular painPain managementSCN9A gene mutationSodium channel dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Erythromelalgia (EM) is an uncommon neurovascular disorder affecting distal extremities with warmth, burning pain, and erythema.
  • Presentations vary in severity and course, from intermittent flares to chronic debilitating pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To raise awareness of Erythromelalgia (EM).
  • To synthesize current knowledge on EM pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses, and treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on EM.
  • Explores pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnoses, and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Patients manage EM by avoiding triggers and using cooling methods.
  • Treatment is individualized, including lifestyle changes, medications (aspirin, sodium channel blockers), and procedures (botulinum toxin, dorsal root ganglion stimulation).
  • Diagnosing EM is challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other conditions, necessitating differential diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Customized pain management is essential for diverse EM presentations.
  • Clearer diagnostic criteria and targeted treatments are needed.
  • Further research, including smaller studies, is required to address knowledge gaps in this rare condition.