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Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

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Ocular surface disease in atopic dermatitis.

Pernille May Hansen^1,2

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.

Acta Ophthalmologica

|May 28, 2026

Summary

Atopic dermatitis (AD) significantly increases the risk of ocular surface disease (OSD), including atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). Specific cytokines in tear fluid correlate with AKC severity, impacting ocular surface health.

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Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues

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Published on: August 4, 2022

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Immunology
Dermatology

Background:

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) is a severe ocular surface disease (OSD) linked to atopic dermatitis (AD).
Understanding the relationship between AD and OSD is crucial for patient quality of life and preventing blindness.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence, clinical features, and mechanisms of OSD and AKC in patients with AD.
To identify risk factors and potential biomarkers for AKC in AD patients.

Main Methods:

Two questionnaire studies assessed OSD symptoms in AD patients.
A cohort study examined clinical features and tear fluid cytokine profiles in AD patients with and without AKC.
In vitro studies analyzed the effects of key cytokines on conjunctival goblet cells.

Main Results:

OSD symptoms are significantly associated with current and previous AD.
Prevalence of conjunctivitis in AD patients is substantial, linked to AD severity and comorbidities.
Moderate-to-severe AKC correlates with elevated tear fluid IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ.
Cytokines IL-13 and IL-4 promote goblet cell proliferation and mucin production, while IFN-γ has opposing effects.

Conclusions:

AD substantially increases the risk of OSD, with risk escalating with AD burden.
Elevated tear fluid cytokines (IL-13, IL-4, IFN-γ) are associated with AKC severity.
These cytokines play critical roles in modulating ocular surface integrity via goblet cell function, offering potential therapeutic targets for AKC.