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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

B cells just got a workout.

Maria E Moreno-Fernandez1, Senad Divanovic2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.

Cell
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

B cells, crucial for immunity, surprisingly aid exercise by enhancing communication between organs. They help maintain muscle energy and function, boosting physical performance.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

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Published on: December 14, 2016

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Published on: January 22, 2021

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic research
  • Exercise physiology

Background:

  • B cells are primarily known for their role in the adaptive immune system.
  • Exercise physiology is a field focused on the body's response to physical activity.
  • Inter-organ communication is vital for maintaining homeostasis during physiological stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a potential immune-independent role of B cells in exercise.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which B cells influence exercise capacity.
  • To understand how B cells mediate communication between different organs during physical activity.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated B cell function in exercise models.
  • Analyzed gene expression and metabolic pathways in liver and skeletal muscle.
  • Measured mitochondrial function and ATP production in skeletal muscle.

Main Results:

  • B cells secrete transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1).
  • TGF-β1 reprograms hepatic glutamine metabolism through GLS2 and SLC7A5.
  • This preserves skeletal muscle glutamate levels, supporting mitochondrial function, calcium signaling, and ATP production, ultimately enhancing exercise capacity.

Conclusions:

  • B cells play an unexpected, immune-independent role in exercise physiology.
  • B cells facilitate multi-organ communication essential for maintaining energy homeostasis during exercise.
  • Targeting B cell-mediated metabolic reprogramming may offer novel strategies for enhancing exercise performance.