Bioactive levan polysaccharides in cosmeceutical applications: A review

Levan, a β-(2,6)-linked fructose homopolysaccharide, has gained increasing attention as a multifunctional biopolymer for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications. Owing to its distinctive molecular architecture, levan uniquely combines high molecular weight, pronounced bioadhesive capacity, and remarkably low intrinsic viscosity, which facilitates its integration into diverse formulation platforms, including hydrogels, films, emulsions, and self-assembled nanostructures. This review presents a comprehensive overview of levan with a particular emphasis on skin health-related applications. It begins by outlining its physicochemical properties and biological features, followed by a critical examination of its mechanisms of action and translational relevance based on recent scientific studies and patent landscape analyses. Experimental evidence indicates that levan acts as an effective moisturizing agent comparable to hyaluronic acid, while also exhibiting tyrosinase inhibitory activity associated with skin-brightening effects. Additionally, its capacity to enhance collagen synthesis, regulate matrix metalloproteinases, and reduce wrinkle formation underscores its anti-aging potential. Both in vitro and in vivo studies further demonstrate its ability to stimulate keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation, supporting tissue regeneration and wound repair. Complementary antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities reinforce its suitability for multifunctional and sustainability-driven cosmetic formulations. Despite its favorable safety profile, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, levan remains underutilized relative to established polysaccharides in the cosmetic sector. By identifying current technological limitations, scalability challenges, and gaps in clinical validation, this review highlights strategic directions for advancing levan towards broader commercial implementation in next-generation skin care and hair-care technologies.