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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
09:14

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Rheumatoid Deformities of the Lesser Toes.

Tania S Mann1, Gustavo Araujo Nunes2

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil.

Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rheumatoid arthritis causes painful joint inflammation and bone erosion, often leading to foot deformities like hallux valgus. Treatment options include conservative shoe modifications and surgical interventions for deformities.

Keywords:
ForefootLesser toeMTPJ dislocationRheumatoidSurgery

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation and bone erosion.
  • Common rheumatoid forefoot deformities include hallux valgus and claw toes.
  • Radiographs aid in diagnosing deformities and associated pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current understanding of rheumatoid arthritis-related foot deformities.
  • To outline nonsurgical and surgical treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on rheumatoid arthritis foot deformities.
  • Analysis of radiographic findings.
  • Description of nonsurgical and surgical treatment approaches.

Main Results:

  • Nonsurgical treatments aim to reduce pain and prevent deformity progression through shoe modifications and insoles.
  • Surgical options address both soft tissue and bone deformities.
  • Treatments can be performed via percutaneous or open surgical methods.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of rheumatoid arthritis foot deformities requires a combination of conservative and surgical approaches.
  • Early intervention can improve patient function and reduce pain.