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Related Concept Videos

Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
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Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Published on: August 16, 2017

Mapping gene expression dynamics to developmental phenotypes with information entropy analysis.

Ben Ansbacher1, Malachy Guzman1,2, Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo3

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA.

NPJ Systems Biology and Applications
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study uses information theory to analyze fruit fly development, revealing that gene expression dynamics probabilistically guide embryonic stages. The findings suggest irreversibility in information complexity, correlating with developmental progression.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

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Published on: December 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Multicellular development links subcellular biochemical processes to macroscopic phenotypes.
  • Understanding genotype-phenotype mapping is a key biological challenge.
  • Statistical mechanics can model developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply information-theoretic measures to understand gene expression dynamics during embryonic development.
  • To investigate the relationship between microscopic molecular processes and macroscopic phenotypes.
  • To develop a statistical mechanics framework for developmental biology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of public transcriptomics datasets from Drosophila melanogaster embryos.
  • Application of information-theoretic measures, including permutation entropy of indexed ensembles (PI entropy).
  • Correlation analysis between gene expression dynamics and developmental stages.

Main Results:

  • Global temporal dynamics of gene expression probabilistically guide embryonic development.
  • Signatures of irreversibility were detected in the information complexity of transcriptomic dynamics.
  • The dynamics of PI entropy strongly correlate with distinct developmental stages.

Conclusions:

  • Information complexity analysis provides a framework for linking biomarker statistical mechanics to developmental dynamics.
  • Transcriptomic dynamics exhibit characteristics of an irreversible process during development.
  • This approach offers insights into the statistical mechanics of biological development.