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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care

Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
Antiplatelet Drugs: Prostaglandin Synthesis, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors01:20

Antiplatelet Drugs: Prostaglandin Synthesis, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

Antiplatelet drugs emerge as frontline defenders against the insidious threat of thromboembolic diseases, where abnormal clots obstruct vital blood vessels. These drugs stand as bulwarks, inhibiting platelet aggregation and clot formation, thereby mitigating the risk of life-threatening conditions like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and thrombotic strokes.
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, exemplified by the widely known aspirin, wield their power by irreversibly acetylating...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane
08:05

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane

Published on: December 9, 2022

Liquid embolic agents-a practical overview.

Alessandro Cannavale1, Lakshmi Ratnam2,3, Andreas Mahnken4

  • 1Vascular and Interventional Departmental Unit, University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy. alessandro.cannavale@hotmail.com.

CVIR Endovascular
|May 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid embolic agents (LEAs) offer diverse therapeutic options for vascular conditions. Careful patient assessment and procedure planning are crucial for selecting the right LEA to maximize success and minimize complications.

Keywords:
CyanoacrylatesEmbolisation techniquePolymersSclerosants

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane
08:05

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane

Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Interventional Radiology
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Liquid embolic agents (LEAs) represent a significant advancement in treating complex vascular and non-vascular conditions.
  • The selection of LEAs requires meticulous clinical assessment and procedural planning to ensure optimal outcomes and patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concise and practical overview of the diverse applications and characteristics of liquid embolic agents.
  • To guide clinicians in selecting the most appropriate embolic agent based on specific clinical scenarios and procedural goals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on liquid embolic agents, including sclerosants, glues, and copolymers.
  • Analysis of the physical properties, indications, and clinical applications of various LEAs.
  • Discussion of factors influencing LEA selection, such as clinical context and operator experience.

Main Results:

  • Sclerosant agents are primarily used for symptomatic vein diseases like varicoceles and low-flow venous and lymphatic malformations, often needing multiple sessions.
  • Glues and copolymers, with distinct properties, are indicated for hemorrhage control, aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms, type II endoleaks, arteriovenous malformations/fistulas, tumor devascularization, and end-organ embolization.
  • The choice of LEA is highly dependent on the specific clinical situation and the practitioner's expertise.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid embolic agents offer a versatile toolkit for interventional procedures, but their effective use hinges on tailored clinical assessment and strategic planning.
  • Understanding the unique properties and indications of different LEAs is essential for achieving procedural success and mitigating risks in vascular interventions.