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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
09:52

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Published on: February 23, 2020

The Left Ventral Premotor Cortex: Powerful Roles in Reading.

Kimihiro Nakamura1

  • 1Section of Systems Neuroscience, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan.

The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The left ventral premotor cortex (PMv) is a key brain region for reading, especially when visual word processing is impaired. It rapidly generates speech motor codes during reading, offering a new target for neuromodulation research.

Keywords:
left ventral premotor cortex: articulatory codesneuromodulationreadingreading development and remediation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The left ventral premotor cortex (PMv), Brodmann area 6, is cytoarchitecturally distinct from adjacent motor and language areas.
  • PMv is involved in speech production and receives input from visual and phonological processing regions.
  • Its role in reading, particularly in cases of compromised visual word-form systems, is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the underappreciated role of the left PMv in the reading network.
  • To investigate the functional connectivity between the left PMv and posterior reading regions.
  • To explore the potential of the left PMv as a target for neuromodulation to enhance reading abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of functional neuroimaging studies.
  • Analysis of brain stimulation research.
  • Examination of white matter connectivity patterns.

Main Results:

  • The left PMv is directly connected to posterior visual and phonological processing areas.
  • These connections facilitate rapid generation of speech motor codes during reading, even in early stages.
  • The left PMv plays a critical role when the occipitotemporal visual word-form system is underdeveloped or compromised.

Conclusions:

  • The left PMv is a crucial component of the reading network, acting as an alternative pathway.
  • Its rapid processing of speech motor codes suggests a significant role in reading fluency.
  • The left PMv presents a promising target for neuromodulation interventions aimed at improving reading.