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Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
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Microwave-Driven Intensification of Diglycerol Transesterification through Dynamic Temperature Operation.

Ioannis Papaioannou1, Maria Ioanna Lilikaki1, Athanasios Arampatzis1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytecneiou 9, Zografou Campus, Athens 157 80, Greece.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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Summary

Microwave heating significantly accelerates the synthesis of diglycerol dicarbonate (DGC), a key precursor for sustainable nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). This method enhances reaction rates and yields, offering a more energy-efficient and faster production route.

Keywords:
diglycerol dicarbonatedynamic operationmicrowavesprocess intensificationtransesterification

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • The synthesis of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) requires sustainable precursors like diglycerol dicarbonate (DGC).
  • Conventional heating methods for DGC synthesis face challenges including equilibrium limitations, poor heat transfer, and high energy consumption.
  • Transesterification of diglycerol (DIG) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a key route, but requires optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficiency of microwave heating (MWH) compared to conventional heating (CH) for DGC synthesis.
  • To evaluate the impact of process parameters like catalyst loading, reactant ratio, and temperature cycling (TC) on reaction outcomes.
  • To demonstrate MWH as an intensification strategy for equilibrium-limited transesterification reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative study of DIG and DMC transesterification under CH and MWH in batch autoclave reactors.
  • Assessment of isothermal and dynamic (TC) operation modes.
  • Optimization of catalyst loading, DMC:DIG ratio, and temperature profiles.

Main Results:

  • MWH at 130 °C achieved 97% DIG conversion and 66% DGC yield, surpassing CH at 150 °C.
  • Efficient volumetric heating and methanol removal under MWH drive the reaction equilibrium favorably.
  • Dynamic MWH with optimized TC yielded 73% DGC, reduced reaction time by 85%, and minimized byproducts.

Conclusions:

  • Microwave heating offers a significant process intensification for DGC synthesis, enabling faster and more sustainable production.
  • Dynamic MWH, particularly with temperature cycling, is a powerful strategy for overcoming equilibrium limitations in transesterification.
  • This approach facilitates the efficient production of vital precursors for the growing market of sustainable polyurethanes.