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Published on: August 22, 2025
Cannabidiol: Pharmaceutical formulations and biomedical applications.
Ali Fadavi Eslam1, Leila Mohtashami1, Parvin Moghimi2
1Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
|May 29, 2026
Summary
Cannabidiol (CBD) offers therapeutic potential for various conditions by targeting specific receptors. Effective pharmaceutical formulations and administration routes are crucial for optimizing CBD delivery and therapeutic outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Neuroscience
- Cannabinoid Research
Background:
- Cannabidiol (CBD) is a promising phytocannabinoid with broad pharmaceutical applications.
- High lipophilicity and first-pass metabolism hinder CBD's therapeutic efficacy.
- Novel delivery systems are essential to overcome CBD's pharmacokinetic limitations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively review CBD's receptor interactions, pharmacokinetics, and advanced pharmaceutical formulations.
- To explore CBD's therapeutic potential in various conditions, including epilepsy, pain, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
- To evaluate the impact of different administration routes on CBD's efficacy and safety.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review of studies from 2016-2025 in major scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar).
- Inclusion of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies; exclusion of dissertations and conference abstracts.
- Analysis of CBD's interactions with 5-HT1A, TRPV1-4, PPAR-γ, and CB1/CB2 receptors.
Main Results:
- CBD exhibits targeted receptor interactions (5-HT1A, TRPV1-4, PPAR-γ) with minimal CB1/CB2 agonism, correlating with its non-psychoactive therapeutic effects.
- Oral formulations (e.g., nanoemulsions, polymeric carriers) enhance CBD solubility and absorption.
- Pulmonary, intranasal, transdermal, and transmucosal delivery systems offer distinct advantages for rapid symptom control, nose-to-brain delivery, localized effects, and bypassing first-pass metabolism, respectively.
Conclusions:
- CBD demonstrates significant therapeutic potential across a range of conditions, with its efficacy being highly dependent on the chosen administration route.
- Various pharmaceutical formulations can effectively improve CBD's bioavailability and targeted delivery.
- Further long-term safety evaluations are imperative for all CBD delivery systems to ensure patient safety and optimize clinical use.
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