Dynamic task-related prefrontal functional networks evolved in Stroop Color-Word tasks measured by fNIRS

Numerous studies have made significant contributions to understanding resting-state brain networks, advancing the field of neuroscience. Studying dynamic functional connectivity is essential for capturing the temporal evolution of brain network organization. However, investigations of task-related functional networks, especially those assessed through dynamic connectivity during continuous cognitive tasks, remain relatively sparse. This study aims to investigate the temporal dynamics of functional prefrontal networks during continuous cognitive control through dynamic functional connectivity analysis. In contrast to conventional methods that primarily focus on identifying static spatial connectivity patterns, this study applies temporal group independent component analysis (TG-ICA) to functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data acquired during a continuous Stroop Color-Word task. This approach enables the identification of temporally evolving functional connectivity networks at the group level. The results revealed three distinct and interpretable prefrontal network components, including a left-lateralized system for early rule implementation and executive control, a right-dominant network for conflict monitoring and attentional reallocation, and a bilateral network supporting sustained goal maintenance and cognitive stability. These networks exhibited time-varying engagement aligned with different stages of cognitive control during continuous tasks. The findings highlight the utility of TG-ICA in capturing the spatiotemporal characteristics of functional brain networks and offer new insights into the dynamic organization of the prefrontal cortex during executive functioning.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-026-10467-7.