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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging
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Advances in Engineered Virus-Like Particles for Applications in Nanomedicine.

Qingxia Shi1, Chufan Wang1, Lei Ren1,2

  • 1The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Department of Biomaterials, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising protein nanocages for precision drug delivery. Engineering VLPs enhances their safety, stability, and targeting for applications in cancer immunotherapy, drug delivery, and molecular imaging.

Keywords:
nano‐vaccinesprogrammabletargeted deliveryvirus‐like particles

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Protein Engineering

Background:

  • Precision drug delivery necessitates safe, stable, and targeted carrier systems.
  • Virus-like particles (VLPs) are biocompatible, self-assembling protein nanocages with programmable architectures, lacking viral genetic material.
  • VLPs offer potential as advanced nanomedicine platforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review VLP self-assembly mechanisms and functionalization strategies.
  • To examine the influence of VLP engineering on their performance in key nanomedicine applications.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for clinical translation of engineered VLPs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of VLP self-assembly mechanisms.
  • Discussion of functionalization strategies: bioorthogonal chemistry, non-canonical amino acid incorporation, and biomimetic mineralization.
  • Analysis of VLP performance in cancer immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and molecular imaging.

Main Results:

  • VLPs demonstrate favorable biocompatibility and programmable architectures.
  • Functionalization strategies significantly influence VLP performance in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
  • Key barriers to clinical translation include manufacturing scalability, batch consistency, and pre-existing immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered VLPs hold significant promise for advancing nanomedicine.
  • Overcoming manufacturing and immunological hurdles is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Future development of VLP platforms requires continued innovation in protein engineering and manufacturing.