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Trends in antifungal use characteristics in primary care in Spain, 2019 to 2024: a nationwide study

Álvaro Solaz-García1,2, Héctor Sánchez-Herrero3, Nerea Valles-Murcia1,2

  • 1Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain.

Revista Espanola De Quimioterapia : Publicacion Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Quimioterapia
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Antifungal consumption in Spanish primary care rose significantly from 2019-2024, particularly among women and specific demographic groups. This trend highlights the need for monitoring antifungal use to combat resistance.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Antifungal resistance is a growing global health threat.
  • Superficial fungal infections are primarily managed in primary care settings.
  • Limited national data exists on antifungal consumption in Spain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze antifungal use patterns in Spanish primary care.
  • To identify trends in antifungal consumption from 2019 to 2024.
  • To provide evidence for public health planning and antimicrobial stewardship.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective observational study using the Spanish Ministry of Health's Primary Care Clinical Database (2019-2024).
  • Consumption measured in Defined Daily Doses (DDD) per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DHD).
  • Trend analysis by demographics using joinpoint regression models.

Main Results:

  • Overall antifungal DHD increased significantly (APC: 8.4%) from 2019-2024.
  • Consumption was higher in women, pensioners, unemployed, low-income, and Spanish-born individuals.
  • Significant increases observed across various demographic strata, with notable rises in active workers and foreign-born individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic monitoring of primary care antifungal consumption is crucial.
  • This study offers the first nationwide assessment of outpatient antifungal use in Spain (2019-2024).
  • Findings provide critical evidence for public health planning and antimicrobial resistance mitigation efforts.
Keywords:
Antifungal agentsDrug utilizationEpidemiologyPrimary careSpain

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