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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
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Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Evaluation of Respiratory System Mechanics in Mice using the Forced Oscillation Technique
13:10

Evaluation of Respiratory System Mechanics in Mice using the Forced Oscillation Technique

Published on: May 15, 2013

Small airway dysfunction across alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency genotypes with preserved spirometry.

Alessandra Marchese1, Annalisa Frizzelli2, Rocco Accogli2

  • 1Pneumology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy. alessandra.marchese@unipr.it.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Small Airways Dysfunction (SAD) in Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) patients without airflow obstruction is better detected by Impulse Oscillometry (IOS) than spirometry. IOS-detected SAD correlates with breathlessness, suggesting it

Keywords:
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiencyImpulse oscillometry systemSmall airways dysfunctionSpirometry

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Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity
07:13

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Published on: January 6, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Genetics
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder linked to pulmonary emphysema and COPD.
  • Early Small Airways Dysfunction (SAD) can precede lung damage in AATD, even without spirometric obstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the early detection of SAD in AATD patients lacking airflow obstruction.
  • To compare the utility of spirometry and Impulse Oscillometry (IOS) in identifying SAD.
  • To assess the association between SAD, spirometry, IOS, and patient-reported dyspnea.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 60 AATD patients with normal spirometry (FEV₁/FVC ≥ 0.70).
  • SAD defined by reduced spirometric flows (FEF25-75, FEF50, FEF75 <65% predicted) and/or IOS R5-R20 > 0.07 kPa•s•L⁻¹.
  • Correlation and agreement between spirometry and IOS assessed; association with mMRC dyspnea scores analyzed.

Main Results:

  • SAD detected in 23% by spirometry, 10% by IOS, and 13% by both; slight agreement (κ = 0.22).
  • Only IOS-defined SAD significantly associated with dyspnea (mMRC ≥2; p = 0.05).
  • IOS R5-R20 values correlated with mMRC scores (r = 0.38, p = 0.003); spirometry-defined SAD showed no symptom association.

Conclusions:

  • IOS is a valuable complementary tool for early detection of peripheral airway impairment in AATD.
  • IOS criteria, unlike spirometry, relate to breathlessness perception in AATD patients without airflow obstruction.
  • IOS demonstrates greater clinical sensitivity for detecting early airway dysfunction and its symptomatic impact in AATD.