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Updated: May 31, 2026

Personalized 3D-printed Headgear for Multi-electrode Transcranial Electrical Stimulation
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Stiffness-Switchable Conductive Nanocomposites with Temperature-Invariant Conductivity for Long-Term Brain-Computer

Bo Shi1, Jiangtao Li1, Beibei Shao1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
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Researchers developed a novel claw-shaped dry electrode for comfortable, low-impedance neural recording on hairy scalps. This electrode achieves stable, high-fidelity brain signal acquisition for wearable brain-computer interfaces.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neural recording on hairy scalps is difficult due to hair interference and poor electrode contact.
  • Existing dry electrodes struggle with hair penetration, skin conformity, and maintaining low impedance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel dry electrode for comfortable and reliable neural recording on densely hair-covered scalps.
  • To achieve efficient hair penetration, conformal skin contact, and low-impedance electrical interfacing.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a claw-shaped dry electrode using a bottlebrush polymer/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite.
  • Integrated thermoresponsive phase-transition networks for reversible stiffness switching.
  • Utilized crystallization-induced confinement for temperature-invariant conductivity.
Keywords:
bottlebrush polymerbrain–computer interfaceslow impedanceultralow percolation thresholdultrasoftnessviscoelastic dry electrode

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Main Results:

  • Achieved rigid hair penetration at ambient conditions and compliant, adhesive scalp interfacing at skin temperature.
  • Demonstrated ultralow percolation threshold (0.47 wt.%) and high electrical conductivity (1.8 S m⁻¹).
  • Obtained low electrode-scalp impedance (∼38 kΩ) and stable operation for over 100 days.

Conclusions:

  • The novel electrode enables high-fidelity neural signal acquisition on hairy scalps.
  • The electrode supports a fully wearable brain-computer interface with real-time drone control.
  • This technology overcomes key challenges in neural interfacing for brain-computer applications.