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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cancer02:18

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Cancer vaccines: comprehensive review.

Rachael E Clifford1, Nichola Manu2, Qian Yang3

  • 1Colorectal and Peritoneal Oncology Centre (CPOC), The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.

BJS Open
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer vaccines harness the immune system to fight tumors, showing promise in various cancers. Combination therapies, especially with checkpoint inhibitors, enhance efficacy, potentially improving patient outcomes and redefining precision oncology.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Cancer vaccines leverage tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens to stimulate immune responses against malignant cells.
  • This approach aims to generate durable, tumor-specific immunity, offering a novel therapeutic avenue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of current cancer vaccine strategies.
  • To discuss their clinical applications and implications within surgical oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cancer vaccine strategies.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and outcomes.
  • Exploration of combination therapies and their efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Promising results observed in high-mutational burden cancers (melanoma, lung, bladder) and 'cold' tumors (pancreatic cancer).
  • Combination strategies, particularly with checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., mRNA-4157/V940), show enhanced efficacy in adjuvant settings.
  • Off-the-shelf vaccines offer scalability but face challenges in tolerance and specificity; early data suggest improved relapse-free survival and antigen spreading.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer vaccines are emerging as valuable adjuncts to surgery and systemic therapies, especially in the perioperative period.
  • Integration into multimodal treatment strategies may redefine precision oncology.
  • These vaccines hold the potential for durable disease control and improved patient outcomes.