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Direct Agroinoculation of Maize Seedlings by Injection with Recombinant Foxtail Mosaic Virus and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus Infectious Clones

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Cross-Protection for Plant Viruses: One Phenomenon, Several Mechanisms?

Anne Sicard¹, Emmanuelle Vigne¹, Souheyla Khechmar¹

¹1INRAE, UMR SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France;

Annual Review of Phytopathology

|May 29, 2026

Summary

Cross-protection uses mild viral infections to prevent severe ones in plants. The exact mechanisms are still unclear, but likely vary by specific plant-virus interactions, hindering wider application.

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Area of Science:

Plant pathology
Virology
Biological control

Background:

Cross-protection is a biological control strategy against viral plant diseases, involving mild strain protection against severe strains.
Despite its long history, the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors (viral and host) remain poorly understood.
Inconsistent terminology and mixed evidence complicate conclusions on cross-protection mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically analyze existing research on plant virus cross-protection.
To summarize common characteristics across different plant-virus systems.
To compare observed characteristics with proposed underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Literature review and critical analysis of existing studies on plant virus cross-protection.
Synthesis of common features across various cross-protection systems.
Comparative analysis of empirical findings against proposed mechanistic models.

Main Results:

Cross-protection is a well-documented phenomenon but its mechanisms are not fully elucidated.
Proposed mechanisms include RNA silencing and viral protein involvement, yet evidence is mixed.
Significant variability exists in reported cross-protection phenomena and proposed mechanisms.

Conclusions:

The mechanisms of cross-protection are not universal and appear to be context-dependent.
Specific plant-virus interactions likely dictate the predominant mechanism(s) involved.
Further research is needed to clarify the diverse mechanisms for broader application of cross-protection.