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Cranial and Spinal Meninges

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

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Decoding the spatiotemporal development of human meninges.

Yanxin Li¹, Zhongqiu Li², Yong She³

¹State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.

|May 29, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human meninges development is asynchronous, with the pia mater forming first. This study reveals layer-specific cell states and neuro-immune interactions critical for brain development.

Keywords:

MERFISH human meningeal development meningeal angiogenesis meningeal fibroblasts meningeal macrophages neuro-immune interaction pial fibroblasts scRNA-seq scStereo-seq spatial transcriptomics

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Immunology

Background:

The human meninges play crucial roles in central nervous system (CNS) development and homeostasis.
A detailed understanding of the spatiotemporal cellular and molecular changes during human meninges development is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive spatiotemporal characterization of human meninges development.
To identify layer-specific cell states and neuro-immune interactions influencing CNS development.

Main Methods:

Single-cell spatiotemporal transcriptomics was employed across 6-23 gestational weeks (GWs).
Analysis focused on identifying distinct cell populations, gene expression patterns, and signaling pathways within the developing meninges.

Main Results:

Asynchronous development of meningeal layers was observed, with the pia mater developing earliest.
Layer-specific fibroblast states and a unique meningeal macrophage population were identified.
The pia mater was found to recruit and organize immune cells, influencing cortical development via neuro-immune signaling (e.g., CXCL12-CXCR4).
Trem2+ macrophages were shown to regulate Cajal-Retzius (CR) cell development in the cerebral cortex.

Conclusions:

A spatiotemporal framework for human meninges development has been established.
Key neuro-immune interactions shaping cortical development were uncovered.
Potential therapeutic targets for CNS disorders related to meningeal development were identified.