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Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Aging

Aging

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Purification of H3 and H4 Histone Proteins and the Quantification of Acetylated Histone Marks in Cells and Brain Tissue

Purification of H3 and H4 Histone Proteins and the Quantification of Acetylated Histone Marks in Cells and Brain Tissue

Published on: November 30, 2018

Histone modification dynamics in brain aging: unlocking therapeutic potential.

Bohao Chang¹, Sibo Yang¹, Aikedan Yilixiati¹

¹Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Cell Death & Disease

|May 29, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial in brain aging and neurodegeneration. Understanding PTMs offers new therapeutic targets for age-related cognitive decline and brain diseases.

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Purification of H3 and H4 Histone Proteins and the Quantification of Acetylated Histone Marks in Cells and Brain Tissue

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Quantification of Global Histone Post Translational Modifications Using Intranuclear Flow Cytometry in Isolated Mouse Brain Microglia

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Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Aging leads to neuronal dysfunction, cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) significantly impact brain cell function and pathology during aging.
The complexity of PTMs in aging brains is a growing area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diversity and changes in PTMs across brain cell types during aging.
To analyze the impact of specific PTMs on neurophysiological and pathological states.
To propose novel therapeutic strategies for aging-related neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on protein PTMs in aging brains.
Analysis of PTMs across different brain cell types and their specific modification sites.
Examination of current translational research and drug development for aging-related brain diseases.

Main Results:

PTMs exhibit significant variety and complexity in brain cells during aging.
Specific PTMs and their sites are altered, affecting neurophysiology and pathology.
Current therapeutic drugs lack specificity and have undetermined side effects.

Conclusions:

Targeting PTMs presents a promising avenue for treating aging-related cognitive impairment.
Further research is needed to develop specific and safe PTM-modulating therapies.
Innovative interventions based on PTM understanding can advance clinical applications for brain aging.