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Gut-Brain Axis

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...
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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
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The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
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Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury
09:16

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Published on: February 26, 2017

The gut-lung axis in ARDS: beyond microbial translocation.

Xiaofeng Li1,2, Xinyu Zhang1,2, Shiying Yuan3,4

  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Wuhan, 430022, China.

Respiratory Research
|May 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The gut-lung axis links gut health to lung injury (ALI/ARDS). Therapies targeting gut microbial balance may offer new treatments for acute lung injury and respiratory distress syndrome.

Keywords:
Gut microbiota metabolitesGut vascular barrierGut-lung axisIntestinal immune cell migrationPulmonary endothelium

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The gut-lung axis is crucial in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) pathogenesis.
  • Intestinal barrier disruption allows microbial products and immune cells to reach the lungs, exacerbating inflammation.
  • Regulated cell death pathways contribute to barrier dysfunction and organ injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of gut-derived lung injury.
  • To evaluate gut-targeted therapies for ALI/ARDS.
  • To explore the gut-lung dialogue for novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current evidence.
  • Analysis of cellular, molecular, and metabolic pathways.
  • Critical evaluation of therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Gut barrier integrity, particularly the gut vascular barrier (GVB), is essential for preventing systemic microbial dissemination.
  • Intestinal immune cells (γδ T cells, ILCs) migrate to the lungs, amplifying inflammation.
  • Regulated cell death (pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis) exacerbates barrier disruption.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the gut-lung axis is key to developing treatments for ALI/ARDS.
  • Gut-targeted therapies like fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy show promise.
  • Restoring microbial homeostasis may mitigate lung injury.