Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 31, 2026

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
Published on: April 15, 2020
Range of motion changes in upper and lower limb joints according to locomotion speed in healthy adults: A
1Department of Physical Therapy, Taegu Science University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
It is imperative to consider the coordination between the upper and lower extremities during locomotion, as this is a crucial aspect of achieving efficient locomotion. The present cross-sectional observational study aimed to analyze the three-dimensional kinematic characteristics of the upper and lower extremity joints in healthy adults as a function of locomotion speed. From September 2023 to March 2024, 155 healthy adults without neuromusculoskeletal disorders were enrolled in the study. The measurement of joint range of motion and angular velocity was conducted utilizing a 16-channel three-dimensional motion analysis system (iSen) under conditions of normal locomotion (100%), fast locomotion (130%), and running (150%). One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to compare joint movements according to locomotion speed, with Bonferroni post hoc analysis (α = 0.0167). A total of 155 healthy adults (age: 24.3 ± 2.8 years; 82 males, 73 females) participated. A significant increase in joint range of motion was observed with increasing locomotion speed in all joints except pelvic transverse plane rotation (P < .05). Changes in the coordinated movements of the upper and lower extremities according to locomotion speed are thought to be an active strategy for locomotion stability and efficiency.
Related Concept Videos
Anatomical Movements
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

