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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Perinatal White Matter Injury: Connecting Histology, Pathophysiology and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

Angela N Viaene1,2

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Perinatal white matter injury, linked to prematurity, inflammation, and hypoxic insults, can be focal or diffuse. These forms may represent a spectrum of injury impacting neurological outcomes.

Keywords:
braingliosisnecrosisperinatal injuryperiventricular leukomalaciapretermwhite matter

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Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Perinatal white matter injury has been recognized for over 150 years, with prematurity historically identified as a key risk factor.
  • While prematurity remains significant, white matter injury also occurs in various clinical settings, often linked to hypoxic/ischemic insults and inflammation.
  • Injury is categorized as focal (white matter necrosis/periventricular leukomalacia) or diffuse (diffuse white matter gliosis).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the macroscopic and microscopic features of perinatal white matter injury.
  • To explore the pathophysiology of white matter injury and its association with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • To discuss current uncertainties and future challenges in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on perinatal white matter injury.
  • Analysis of macroscopic and microscopic pathological features.
  • Correlation of injury patterns with pathophysiology and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Diffuse white matter gliosis involves reactive astrocyte proliferation and pre-oligodendrocyte injury, leading to delayed myelination.
  • White matter necrosis causes focal injury to white matter components and axons.
  • Axonal injury is also observed in diffuse injury, suggesting focal and diffuse forms may exist on a continuum.

Conclusions:

  • Perinatal white matter injury, encompassing both focal and diffuse types, is a significant concern with long-term neurological implications.
  • Understanding the spectrum of injury and its pathophysiology is crucial for predicting and mitigating adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to address existing uncertainties and challenges in managing this condition.