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Related Concept Videos

The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...
Gustation01:43

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex. This...
Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
07:10

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

Published on: August 17, 2018

Microbial Metabolite-Stimulated Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 Signaling Is Modulated by CFTR Interactions.

Tejas Gupte1,2, Nisha Singh2, Vikram Bhatia2,3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mutations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) impact bitter taste receptor (T2R) signaling. This study reveals how CFTR domains interact with T2R14, explaining altered innate immune responses in CFTR-mutant cells.

Keywords:
CFTRbiased signalingbitter taste receptormicrobial metabolitesprotein–protein interactions

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Effects of Taste Signaling Protein Abolishment on Gut Inflammation in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mouse Model
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Effects of Taste Signaling Protein Abolishment on Gut Inflammation in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mouse Model

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Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds
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Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds

Published on: February 11, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
07:10

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

Published on: August 17, 2018

Effects of Taste Signaling Protein Abolishment on Gut Inflammation in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mouse Model
09:31

Effects of Taste Signaling Protein Abolishment on Gut Inflammation in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mouse Model

Published on: November 9, 2018

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds
07:40

Whole-Mount Staining, Visualization, and Analysis of Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Palate Taste Buds

Published on: February 11, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) crucial for innate immunity at epithelial surfaces.
  • Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations are known to affect T2R-mediated innate immune signaling, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biophysical interactions between T2R14 and CFTR.
  • To elucidate how these interactions affect T2R14 signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multiple biophysical techniques to study T2R14 and CFTR interactions.
  • Analyzed protein-protein binding and downstream signaling outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Identified independent interactions between T2R14 and either the N-terminus or NBD2/C-terminus of CFTR.
  • Demonstrated that agonist-bound T2R14 engages both Gαi and Gαq subunits.
  • Showed that the specific CFTR domain involved dictates signaling bias between Gi and Gq pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between T2R14, its agonists, and CFTR domains explains altered T2R signaling in CFTR mutant cells.
  • Provides mechanistic insights into the interplay between CFTR function and innate immune responses mediated by bitter taste receptors.